Control Systems

Electrical Engineer Salaries in South Africa 2025: By City & Experience

In the dynamic landscape of South Africa’s engineering sector, electrical engineers play a pivotal role in powering industries from renewable energy to infrastructure development. As of September 2025, electrical engineer salaries in South Africa continue to reflect strong demand, with average annual earnings ranging from R385,000 to R818,000. This guide dives deep into the latest data on electrical… Read More »

Tan Delta (tan δ) Test: A Detailed Guide for Engineers and Technicians

In the field of electrical engineering, where the reliability of energy networks is paramount, maintaining the insulation of equipment is a critical challenge. An insulation failure can lead to costly outages, safety risks, or even widespread blackouts. Among the most effective and widely used diagnostic tools is the Tan Delta test, also known as the Dissipation Factor Test… Read More »

PLCs vs RTUs: Understanding Their Roles in Industrial and Power Automation

In the dynamic world of industrial and power automation, two pivotal technologies—Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)—stand out for their roles in controlling and monitoring processes. While they share similarities as industrial computing devices with CPUs, I/O modules, and network interfaces, their differences in design, functionality, and application make them suited to distinct scenarios. This… Read More »

The Transmission of Electrical Energy: 50 Hz vs. 60 Hz

The transmission of electrical energy is a fundamental element of global power grids, and one of the main distinctions between systems lies in the frequency used: 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Most countries in Europe and Asia adopt a voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz, while nations like the United States, certain regions of Japan, and Saudi… Read More »

Vector Algebra in Electrical Engineering

Vector algebra is a fundamental tool in electrical engineering, particularly in the analysis of circuits and protection systems. It allows for the representation of physical quantities, such as current or voltage, not only by their magnitude but also by their direction. This article highlights the importance of vector representation in simplifying calculations involving complex quantities, while providing a… Read More »

Directional Earth Fault Protection for Compensated Neutral Networks (ANSI Code 67N)

Directional earth fault protection, identified by the ANSI code 67N, is a specialized protection function used in electrical networks with a compensated neutral, typically employing a Petersen coil earthing system. This protection is designed to detect and isolate earth faults (single-phase-to-ground faults) in such networks by distinguishing the fault current in a faulty feeder from the capacitive currents… Read More »