Category Archives: Electrical Networks

During transformer commissioning, one of the most important diagnostic procedures is the power factor test. This test assesses the dielectric losses in the transformer’s insulation system, which are directly related to insulation quality and integrity. For dry-type transformers, the power factor test helps identify potential insulation deterioration due to moisture, contamination, carbonization, or other degradation mechanisms that may… Read More »

Dry-type transformers are integral to the electrical infrastructure of industrial, commercial, and institutional facilities. Because these transformers power critical systems, regular electrical testing and maintenance are essential to ensure safety, reliability, and performance. This article summarizes recommended electrical tests and maintenance practices for dry-type transformers rated 500 kVA and above, based on ANSI/NETA MTS-2019 (Maintenance Testing Specifications) and… Read More »

The term dry-type transformer refers to an electrical transformer that relies on air or solid insulation instead of liquid for cooling and insulation. If your power-distribution system demands high safety, low maintenance, and environmental compliance — then a dry-type transformer may be the ideal choice. In this guide you’ll learn what a dry-type transformer is, how it works,… Read More »

An electrical substation is a critical node in the power system: it serves as the bridge between electricity generation/transmission and the end-user distribution network. Without substations, the electricity generated at power plants could not be efficiently transmitted over long distances and safely delivered for homes, industries or businesses. In this guide we will cover what an electrical substation… Read More »

Distance protection schemes play a vital role in ensuring reliable and speedy fault clearance on transmission lines. The fundamental idea behind distance protection is to measure the impedance between the relay location and the fault point, enabling the relay to detect faults within set zones. Conventional time-stepped distance protection, for instance, sets an instantaneous Zone 1 reach to about… Read More »

High-voltage power lines are vital for the U.S. electrical infrastructure, but they present serious hazards like electrocution, arc flashes, and equipment damage if safety distances are not maintained. These distances, often called minimum approach distances (MAD) or clearances, are regulated to protect workers, the public, and property. This detailed guide, updated as of October 2025, draws from the… Read More »

Magnetising inrush is a transient electrical phenomenon that primarily occurs when a power transformer is energized. It is not indicative of a fault but rather a normal response of the transformer’s magnetic core to sudden application of voltage. However, it poses significant challenges for transformer protection systems, which must distinguish this temporary surge from actual faults to avoid… Read More »

Medium Voltage (MV) switchboards are critical components in electrical distribution networks, responsible for controlling, protecting, and isolating electrical equipment. The power supply modes for these switchboards vary based on the required level of redundancy, reliability, and operational flexibility. These modes determine how supply sources connect to the busbars and feeders, ensuring continuity of power while minimizing downtime during… Read More »

Insulating materials are fundamental to the safe and efficient operation of electrical systems, serving to separate conductive parts from non-conductive ones and prevent unintended current flow. In high-voltage equipment such as motors, generators, transformers, and cables, insulation integrity directly impacts reliability, with studies estimating that up to 98% of electrical failures originate from insulation degradation due to factors… Read More »

In electrical power systems, substations and switchyards form critical nodes that ensure the efficient, safe, and reliable transfer of electricity from generation sources to consumers. While often discussed interchangeably in casual contexts, they exhibit distinct characteristics based on their functions, equipment, and placements within the grid. This comprehensive overview draws from engineering principles and industry practices to delineate… Read More »