Category Archives: Industrial Networks

Digital substations rarely use a single redundancy method everywhere. In practice, different parts of the substation have different requirements. Protection IEDs and merging units on the process bus often use HSR because it offers a simple ring structure and zero-time recovery for Sampled Values and GOOSE messages. Meanwhile, station bus networks, SCADA connections, and backbone communication often rely… Read More »

High-Availability Seamless Redundancy, or HSR, is one of the most important communication technologies for digital substations and industrial systems that must operate continuously without interruption. It is designed for networks where data must always be delivered, even when a failure occurs. Protection relays, merging units, and automation devices depend on communication that never drops a packet, because even… Read More »

Time synchronization is one of the most important foundations of any digital substation using IEC 61850. As protection, automation, and measurement move from traditional copper wiring to Ethernet-based communication, the need for a shared and precise time reference becomes essential. Modern substations depend on synchronized measurements to operate safely. Without correct timing, protection functions may misinterpret events, fault… Read More »

Ethernet switches play a central role in modern IEC 61850 substations. They connect protection relays, merging units, bay controllers, SCADA gateways, time servers, HMIs, and many more devices. If a switch fails or behaves incorrectly, the entire communication system can be affected. Because protection and control functions depend on fast and reliable data, a substation switch must meet… Read More »

The world of electrical power systems is changing rapidly. As demand grows, renewable energy expands, and reliability expectations increase, the traditional substation—filled with copper wiring, electromechanical devices, and point-to-point analog signals—can no longer meet modern requirements. Digital substations are changing the game. Instead of relying on tons of physical wiring, they use fast communication networks to move information… Read More »